Homeopathic Remedy Support During Pregnancy:

Homeopathic Remedy Support During Pregnancy:

Schüssler's Tissue Salts
- Calc flu 6X, Mag phos 6X, Ferr phos 6X
- 2nd & 6th month

Schüssler's Tissue Salts
- Calc flu 6X, Mag phos 6X, Nat mur 6X
- 3th & 7th month

Schüssler's Tissue Salts
- Calc flu 6X, Mag phos 6X, Nat mur 6X
- 4th & 8th month

Schüssler's Tissue Salts
- Calc flu 6X, Mag phos 6X, Nat mur 6X
- 5th & 9th month

Calcarea fluorica 6X
- maintain elasticity of the vessels and the tissues
- prevents varicose, hemorrhoids and stretch marks
- helps the growth of teeth and bones of the fetus

Magnesia phosphorica 6X
Protects from heartburns and cramps

Ferrum phosphoricum 6X
Assures or maintains a soft supplement of iron and to prevent anemia

Natrum muriaticum 6X
Maintains the hydrous balance and prevent edema and putting that extra weight

Silicea 6X
Strengthens the pubic bones and the supportive conjunctive tissues

The effect of a homeopathic neem preparation for the prophylaxis of malaria An exploratory trial in an at-home setting in Tanzania

The effect of a homeopathic neem preparation for the prophylaxis of malaria
An exploratory trial in an at-home setting in Tanzania
N.M. Barlow-Benschop, MD, MScA, C.GambaB, S.P. Barlow, BScA, T. M. Blasco, M.A. PhD candidateC

Abstract
Introduction
In natural medicine, the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is recognized as an effective treatment for many diseases and is used for treatment of bacterial, viral, fungal infections and for the treatment of malaria. A homeopathic formulation has been used since the year 2000 for the prevention and treatment of malaria and appears to be safe and effective. Resistance to neem has not been found in many hundreds of years of use across the world.
Materials and methods
The purpose of the study was to research whether the daily use of homeopathic neem medication decreases the number of malaria attacks within 6 months and up to 2 years of treatment in a population of both children and adults in the area of Musoma, Tanzania. This was a single arm, prospective, observational trial in subjects with recurrent malaria attacks in an at-home setting. The 6 months follow-up data are presented here. Efficacy data was based on subject reports gathered by questionnaires. Malaria symptoms were not objectified by a clinical diagnosis. The homeopathic medicine used in the trial is an ethanol based tincture carrying the medicinal properties of the neem leaves.
Results
152 patients were enrolled in the trial: 79 children with a mean age of 11 years (4-18) and 73 adults with a mean age of 37 years (19-93). The group of children consisted of 37 girls and 42 boys. All subjects reported at least one malaria episode in the previous 12 months. In the study population as a whole, 5% reported an increase of malaria attacks at 3 months and 7% at 6 months. 38% reported no change at 3 months, decreasing to 13% at 6 months. The percentage of subjects who reported a decrease of malaria episodes increased from 57% at 3 months to 81% after 6 months of treatment. Compliance was low in the first 3 months of treatment in the children group. Up to 68% of the children took less than the prescribed amount of study medicine in the first 3 months. This improved after adding the remedy to drinking water in the following 3 months. In contrast, 89% of the adults took the remedy as intended or took more than the intended prophylactic dose. There were no reports of side-effects during the treatment.
Conclusions
The homeopathic neem preparation has shown to be effective for the reduction of malaria attacks in a highly endemic area for plasmodium falciparum. The treatment is safe in the short term and the low cost of manufacturing renders this treatment especially attractive for developing countries as the purchase cost is well within the range of an average household budget.
Introduction
Malaria
Malaria is a highly prevalent disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The African continent alone accounts for approximately 90% of the global malaria burden and currently malaria constitutes 10% of all infectious and/or parasitic related burden of disease.1 In the country of Tanzania, malaria accounts for over 30% of the National Disease Burden. 94% of the population is at risk of attracting the illness every year. Approximately 42% percent of the population lives in areas with a constant perennial risk of malaria transmission caused by plasmodium falciparum. The estimated malaria related morbidity per year is 14-18 million with an estimated number of deaths due to malaria of 100,000-250,000 per year.2 In regions with a constant perennial transmission risk, immunity to malaria is common and increases with age. The two groups most vulnerable to malaria in the Tanzanian population are children under the age of 5 and pregnant women. Children under the age of 5 have not had the chance to fully develop the required immunity and pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria due to a decreased immune status. The estimated mortality rate for children under the age of 5 is 300 - 1600 per 100.000 cases (0.3 - 1.6 %).2 According to the roll back malaria program, the yearly mortality rate in children under 5 years due to malaria is larger. The website mentions nearly a million children a year to die of malaria in sub-Saharan countries. Along the same lines, it can be expected that patients with a decreased immune system - like HIV positive patients - have a higher risk of contracting malaria and are prone to a more severe course of the disease. It is described in literature that the malaria cases can be more severe in HIV positive patients, however, there is no conclusive evidence to prove it.3 Non-immune visitors from other parts of the world form a fourth susceptible group for the illness but fall outside the scope of the Tanzanian epidemiological counts.

Currently, it is estimated that only one third of the population goes to a clinic to be tested and treated for malaria. The other two thirds of the population self-diagnose and treat the condition at home or don't treat it at all. Clandestine malaria treatments usually consist of paracetamol and less frequently anti-malarial drugs or natural medicines. There are certain dangers associated with this behavior. On one hand, self-medication has led to cases of toxicity due to overdosing. On the other hand, it enhances resistance of the malaria parasite when anti-malarial medication is used in insufficient doses. Under treatment occurs frequently due to the relatively high prices of anti-malarial medications. Some of the reasons for the low number of patients coming to the clinic include insufficient awareness of the risks of malaria (insufficient health education) and the high cost of treatment. For a large proportion of the population, anti-malarial drugs represent a substantial part of the yearly household income.

Musoma is located in the Mara region in the North West of Tanzania where a high risk for transmission is present all year round. This can be partly explained by the proximity of Lake Victoria. It is hard to predict how many malaria episodes the average adult experiences during a year, as symptoms may vary and can be confused with symptoms of other endemic diseases. Due to the intense drought over the past year (2005-2006), malnourishment is common and illnesses occur more frequently and more severely as a result.

The availability of an effective and affordable alternative for malaria prophylaxis would decrease the number of malaria episodes experienced by the local population and would improve health conditions in the region. Various malaria vaccines are currently being researched in clinical studies, however the clinical viability of such vaccines remains as yet unknown.4,5,6

Although Artemisinin derivatives have been proven effective in the treatment of malaria as single agents, single agent treatment is not advised. The suggested use is in combination therapy with anti-malarial drugs with a slow elimination rate. With this approach the eradication of the parasite is more complete and resistance will develop less rapidly.7

Neem
In natural medicine, the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is recognized as an effective treatment for many diseases. It has been used in India for thousands of years. The first records of its use date from as long as 4,500 years ago. As this natural treatment has not been introduced to the Western world until recently, neem has not been researched as extensively in clinical trials as modern medicines are in order to comply with registration requirements.

The list of described therapeutic applications for neem is extensive and the medicinal properties are widely implemented on the Indian subcontinent. The leaf and bark of the tree are commonly used in tea or in oily or aqueous extracts. Neem oil is produced by pressing the seeds or alternatively by soaking the leaves in vegetable oil. These preparations can be used for purposes as diverse as crop protection, insect repellent, treatment of various skin disorders as well as systemic bacterial, viral and fungal infections and for the prevention and treatment of malaria. Preclinical trials have shown that neem acts through two different pathways. One is by directly attacking the causative micro-organisms, the other is by boosting the host's immune system on both the humoral and the cellular level.8 According to our current knowledge, the use of neem in humans as a prophylaxis for malaria has not been described in published literature.

An additional characteristic of neem oil is that it produces durable, yet reversible birth control. A test was carried out with 20 male members of the Indian army for the duration of a year. Daily oral doses of neem seed oil were administered in gelatin capsules to twenty married soldiers. It took 6 weeks to reach 100% birth control and the effect remained during the entire year of the study. There were no new pregnancies during the trial. The infertility of the men was reversible within 6 weeks after cessation of the daily neem treatment. Preclinical research in male monkeys in India and the United States shows that neem reduces fertility without inhibiting libido or sperm production.8 Neem oil has further been used as an effective contraceptive in women when taken orally or applied intra-vaginally before sexual intercourse. It is also thought to have a preventive effect against sexually transmitted diseases when used topically before or after intercourse. This effect appears to be mediated by activating the local immune cell population in the vagina, thus increasing the antigen presenting ability which leads to a spermicidal effect.8

Numerous studies have been carried out to research the toxicity of neem leaf and bark when taken orally. It was determined in these studies that the neem leaf and bark are very safe to be taken orally, except when taken in large quantities. Neem oil has been researched thoroughly and regulatory agencies in several western countries have found it to be safe when taken in low dosages for a limited amount of time. Some people taking neem seed oil internally experienced abdominal discomfort and nausea. Also consumption of large amounts of raw neem oil has been implicated with decreased liver function. It is yet unclear whether these side effects can be explained by impurities introduced to the oil by low quality manufacturing processes. Further research with pure forms of the seed oil is needed to provide clarity on this matter As neem remains a natural compound with various active ingredients, it is always advised to remain vigilant in its use. As applicable to any medicinal compound, overdosing can potentially be harmful. Such effects are not expected with the homeopathic neem preparation for two reasons. Firstly, the solution is prepared with the neem leaf which has been found safe when used in reasonable quantities. Secondly, the concentrations of the neem leaf are extremely low in homeopathic preparations. Homeopathic medicines are rarely implicated with side-effects.

The Abha Light clinics in Kenya have been using neem in its various forms for the treatment of many different illnesses as it is cheap and easy to get in areas where modern medicines are scarce. The Abha Light Foundation in Nairobi and its 8 affiliated clinics have been treating many patients with homeopathic neem drops since 2000. Amongst others, the clinic has used the homeopathic medicine for the prevention and treatment of malaria. To date, the clinic has had very favourable experiences with this treatment. The cost of production for the homeopathic neem medicine is extremely low, averaging around a few cents USD per 20 ml. bottle which will last one patient up to 2-3 months when the drops are taken prophylactically. Interestingly, the bottle is the most expensive part of the treatment, making up about 60% of the total cost. The cost of one bottle of neem tincture remains well under the price of 0.5 US dollars.

The beneficial properties of neem and the lack of side-effects in this preparation combined with the low manufacturing cost may constitute a locally viable alternative to the more expensive anti-malaria medication. If proven effective as a prophylactic it may provide a much needed answer to the current upsurge in malaria cases in developing countries.

Materials and Methods
Trial
Our primary hypothesis was that the daily use of homeopathic neem medication would decrease the number of malaria attacks within 6 months of treatment and produce a sustainable effect in the medium term. Additionally, we were interested to find evidence of the above mentioned birth control effect.

For this purpose an exploratory trial was set up to research the effects of the homeopathic neem remedy in subjects from the town of Musoma and surrounding villages in Tanzania. This was a single arm, prospective, observational trial in subjects with recurrent malaria attacks. The study started in June 2005 and has been ongoing for a little over 6 months at the time of writing. Both children and adults were included in the trial. The trial population was a group of orphans supported by the Tanzanian NGO Foundation HELP and their guardian families. Pregnant women were excluded from the study due to the experimental status of the medication.

The choice was made to observe the effects of the study remedy in an at-home setting. From the start, it was anticipated that this set up would pose some challenges in acquiring reliable data. Obtaining information about treatment compliance especially would require a specific effort as subjects could not be monitored regularly. A clinical setting was not feasible due to the daily regimen and the relatively long follow up. The benefit of a trial in an at-home setting is that it reflects accurately how the remedy is used by the subjects and which efficacy is related to this use. The use of diaries was not feasible due to the widespread existence of illiteracy in certain parts of the population. As this was an exploratory trial, the efficacy data was based on subject reports. Malaria symptoms were not objectified by a clinical diagnosis. To maximize the consistency of the results, all subjects were visited in their homes by the same local social worker. This person was well known by the guardian families included in the trial and he provided the instructions on the correct use of the remedy. In addition, the medication was dispensed by the same person. All subjects were interviewed using an identical questionnaire. This questionnaire was always completed by the same social worker. In most cases, the primary guardians reported on the experiences with the remedy for the entire family.

All subjects were requested to take the neem medication as follows: children - 3 drops per dose twice daily in a glass of water, adults - 5 drops per dose to be taken either directly into the mouth or in a glass of water. In the event of a malaria attack, the adults were instructed to take 15 drops every hour until the symptoms subsided. The instructions for the children were to give them 10 drops every hour identical to the adults.

The subjects were advised to have a week drug holiday after finishing every bottle to prevent any potential side-effects which have previously been associated with the continuous use of other neem preparations. To reinforce the drug holiday, the subjects had to request a renewal of the bottle after finishing the previous bottle. Only after request, subjects were issued a new bottle. Any pregnancies during the study treatment were to be reported immediately.

Medication
The homeopathic neem medication was obtained from the Abha Light Health Foundation in Nairobi, Kenya. The homeopathic medicine is an ethanol based tincture carrying the medicinal properties of the neem leaves. It is serviced in 20 ml plastic dropper bottles. A bottle contains an approximate amount of 100 doses (450-500 drops), sufficient for use during 2-3 months in a twice daily regimen.

The patients were visited before the start of the trial and at 3 months and 6 months after the start of preventative treatment to assess compliance with the study drug and the efficacy of the treatment regimen. Baseline characteristics comprised of age, sex and a positive number of malaria attacks in the previous 12 months in a yes/no answer format. The instructions for the correct use of the medication and the dosage were repeated in every household at 3 months after the start of treatment. Any change in the frequency of malaria attacks were recorded after 3 months and 6 months of preventative treatment, again by the same social worker. Subjects were asked to indicate whether the frequency of malaria attacks had decreased, remained the same or increased after the start of the study treatment. Compliance information was obtained as well as the occurrence of any pregnancies during treatment when applicable. The study is currently ongoing, final results will be presented after a two year follow-up.

Statistical analysis

Considering the exploratory nature of the study, no statistical significance testing was planned. The results were reported using descriptive statistics. In order to detect a decrease in the proportion of subjects experiencing malaria attacks from 80% to 70% over 6 months, with a two-sided alpha of 0.05 and power of 80%, a sample of size 136 subjects would be needed. Clearly, this study with a sample of size 152 subjects has a sample size large enough to detect a 10% decrease in proportion of malaria attacks.

Results
Efficacy

This publication presents the 6 months follow up data obtained from June until December 2005.

A total of 152 patients were enrolled in the trial. The treatment group consisted of 79 children up to and including the age of 18 years and 73 adults above the age of 18 (mostly guardians of the researched children). The group of children consisted of 37 girls and 42 boys. The mean age of the children was 11 years (range 4-18). The group of adults consisted of 48 women and 25 men. The mean age of the adults was 38.6 years (range 19-93). All subjects reported at least one malaria episode in the previous 12 months.

At the 3 month check up, 8% (n=6) of the children had an increase of malaria episodes compared to baseline, in 47% (n=37) of the children no change was observed in the frequency of episodes and in 46% (n=36) a decrease of malaria episodes was reported. In the adult group, 1 subject reported an increase in malaria attacks, 29% (n=21) reported no change and 70% (n=51) reported a decrease in the frequency of malaria episodes.

After 6 months, 10% (n=8) of the children had an increase of malaria episodes, in 16% (n=13) no change in frequency was observed and in 73% (n=58) the number of malaria attacks had decreased. With the adults, 3% (n=2) reported an increase of malaria attacks, 8%(n=6) reported no change and 89% (n=65) reported a decrease in malaria attacks.

In the study population as a whole, 5% reported an increase of malaria attacks at 3 months and 7% at 6 months. 38% reported no change at 3 months decreasing to 13% at 6 months. The percentage of subjects who reported a decrease of malaria episodes increased from 57% at 3 months to 81% after 6 months of treatment. See Table 1 and Figures 1-4.

Up to 68% of the children took less than the prescribed amount of study drug in the first 3 months. In contrast, 89% of the adults took the medicine as intended or took more than the intended prophylactic dose.

38 of the women in the adult group were within the fertile age during the trial and 20 girls in the children group may have been fertile, when a cut-off point of 12 years is applied. In response to the pregnancy question, no women indicated having been pregnant during 6 months previous to the start of treatment and there were no reports of pregnancies during the trial. There was thus no difference in frequency of pregnancies before and during the trial.

3 months 6 months
No. Higher No change Lower Higher No change Lower
Children (<=18 years) 79 6 (8%) 37 (47%) 36 (46%) 8 (10%) 13 (16%) 58 (73%)
Adults (>18 years) 73 1 (1%) 21 (29%) 51 (70%) 2 (3%) 6 (8%) 65 (89%)
Total 152 7 (5%) 58 (38%) 87 (57%) 10 (7%) 19 (13%) 123 (81%)
Table 1. Absolute numbers and percentages of reported change in frequency of malaria episodes after 3 and 6 month of treatment.
NOTE: percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding error.

Figure 1. Change in malaria frequency from baseline at 3 months (children = 18 years)

Figure 2. Change in malaria frequency from baseline at 6 months (children = 18 years)

Figure 3. Change in malaria frequency from baseline at 3 months (adults> 18 years)

Figure 4. Change in malaria frequency from baseline at 6 months (adults> 18 years)

Safety

Despite active prompting for side-effects at every visit, no side-effects were reported during the study treatment.

Discussion

This study was a prospective, exploratory trial to research whether daily use of homeopathic neem medicine could be administered safely and effectively for the prevention of malaria attacks in subjects with a high risk of contracting the illness. The study was carried out in the Mara region of Tanzania, which has a continuous high risk of transmission of plasmodium falciparum infections all year round. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria due to insufficient intrinsic immunity against the disease. Pregnant women were excluded from the current trial, due to the experimental nature of the study drug and unknown side-effects. About half of the study population consisted of children of various ages, ranging from 4 to 18 years. There was a homogenous spread of all ages within this group. Both girls and boys were researched in an almost 1:1 ratio, making this a balanced group. The ages of the participating adults also showed a homogenous spread between the ages of 19 and 70 with the exception of one woman who was 93 years old. There was a slight predominance of women in this group, probably due to their role as caregivers in the family and their usually higher interest in health matters compared to men in this region. The study population contained more children than the average local population. As children are more susceptible to malaria, it was deliberately planned to acquire more data from this group. The planned sample size was met and was large enough to allow for reliable conclusions in this non-comparative trial.

From the efficacy results, it is clear that the subjects predominantly reported a decrease in malaria attacks. As the diagnosis of malaria was not clinically confirmed, a placebo effect may have biased the results towards the positive. Also, a recall bias cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, self-diagnosis can be tricky as symptoms of malaria can mimic other endemic diseases. The effect on the results of this bias is difficult to quantify. Having said that, the continuing decrease in reported attacks between 3 and 6 months of treatment in both groups, seem to indicate that there is indeed a treatment effect. In this case, as the treatment duration increases, the effect becomes more evident as the number of experienced malaria attacks on study medication deviates further from the baseline frequency. It would be interesting to see if this decline is sustainable during the remaining 18 months of the trial.

The results indicate that the preventative treatment effect in this study was higher in the adult population than in the group of children. In our opinion two reasons could explain this difference, as discussed in the following section.

As already mentioned, children constitute one of the two vulnerable groups in the epidemics of malaria. The relative incidence of malaria is larger in this group and the course of the disease is more often serious than in adults who have had a chance to build up a certain immunity. This would explain both the lower overall response in the children after 6 months and the slightly higher percentage of children with an increase in malaria attacks while on treatment. We searched our dataset for common factors in those subjects where the malaria frequency had increased both after 3 and 6 months. No common factors could be identified between the individual cases. Only two of these 8 cases were known to be HIV positive. Drug intake was not significantly different than the rest of the treatment group and the effect could not be attributed to other concurrent illnesses or additional factors. We therefore conclude that the higher proportion of malaria increases must be due to the higher baseline susceptibility of children to the disease.

Additionally, the results show a difference in timing of medicine effect between the adult group and the children. In the adult group the largest decrease in malaria attacks occurs between the start of treatment and the first visit after 3 months. This observation is in line with previous experiences in other clinics. In contrast, the main decrease in the group of children occurred between the second and the third visit. This late decline can be explained by a below average drug intake during the first three months of treatment. Neem drops are very bitter to the taste, and are therefore difficult to take orally, especially for young children. Despite the instructions to add the drops to a glass of water for the children, it was only after reiteration at the 3 month follow-up visit that this practice was implemented. With the drops being added to water, drug compliance increased leading to a larger proportion of decreases in malaria episodes in the second half of the trial. This experience portrays one of the challenges of clinical research in an at-home setting in a developing nation. Understanding and execution of verbal instructions is a limiting factor when part of the study population has little to no formal education. The reliability of such data could be greatly improved by the use of subject diaries. This would however restrict the research setting to a more developed country, where illiteracy is less common. Malaria is however generally not endemic in those areas as education and literacy in a large percentage of the population require a certain degree of development of a nation.

As previously described, the secondary objective for this trial was to research whether there was evidence of a birth control effect of neem when used in the homeopathic preparation. Approximately 58 girls and women could have been expected to be in the fertile age during the trial. The questionnaire did unfortunately not include a question on the existence and frequency of sexual activity among the subjects during the treatment, hereby making it impossible to conclude whether the study medicine had a birth control effect. The absence of a difference between the number of pregnancies before and during the trial is therefore not conclusive. More attention should be given to this aspect during the set up of a future trial.

The treatment effect was directly linked with compliance to the treatment regimen, as observed in the group of children where the number of reported malaria attacks clearly decreased after the neem drops were added to drinking water. Our experience in this trial is that it is imperative to add the neem drops to a glass of water to ensure compliance in small children as the remedy is very bitter to the taste. Also for adults, it is advisable to add the drops to drinking water.

The lack of side effects found in this trial concurs with the previously reported safety of homeopathic medicines. In this study there was no evidence of short term or acute side-effects after 6 months of preventative treatment. The follow up period of this trial was not long enough to explore long-term side effects. Specific clinical trials should be designed to gather this type of information. As no laboratory investigations were performed during this trial, there is no information on potential liver enzyme elevations. There was no clinical evidence to suggest impairment of the liver function in the researched subject. One would not expect such effect with a homeopathic preparation, as homeopathic preparations only contain trace amounts of the original medicinal compounds. Also, the decrease in liver function was only associated with the use of crude neem oil. This oil is derived from neem seeds and not from neem leaves as utilized for the preparation of the study medication.

With every newly developed anti-malarial medicine there is the perpetual question of resistance. With most modern medicines, resistance of the malaria parasites is found relatively soon after introduction. Modern medicines generally contain only one purified active substance of the original plant to which substances are added in the formulation process. It is thought that pathogens may develop resistance more rapidly to the single active substance. In natural remedies, the natural balance of all substances is retained as found in the original plant. As the National Research Council (NRC) points out, Neem has a complex chemical makeup with more than twenty compounds identified to date. This theoretically makes development of resistance unlikely.9 It is unknown whether the homeopathic neem remedy produces resistance of the malaria parasite. The dual action of neem on both the parasite and the host immune system, may theoretically delay a decrease in clinical efficacy due to resistance. Furthermore, homeopathic remedies have not shown to produce resistance in the past, making the researched medication an interesting candidate for future trials. Obviously, this issue should be closely monitored as the use of neem medications expands.

Conclusions

From this trial we conclude that the researched homeopathic neem drops are effective and can be safely used up to 6 months when a drug holiday of a week is observed after every 2-3 months of treatment.

The results from this study show that the daily use of neem in a homeopathic solution is associated with a convincing reduction of malaria attacks in a large proportion of the study population. This effect was observed in both adults and children after 6 months of preventative treatment. More research is needed to clarify the durability of this preventative effect in the long term. Due to insufficient information the trial remained inconclusive towards the birth control effect as associated with neem. This aspect should be the subject of future trials.

The homeopathic neem preparation has shown to be effective for the reduction of malaria attacks in a highly endemic area for plasmodium falciparum. The treatment is safe in the short term and the low cost of manufacturing renders this treatment especially attractive for developing countries as the purchase cost is well within the range of an average household budget.

In response to the experiences in the above trial, our group is currently setting up a second trial in the same region of Tanzania incorporating blood parasite counts and including additional questions on the sexual behavior of the trial subjects to objectify the effects of homeopathic neem drops in an at home setting.

Aknowledgements

This trial was organized and financed by Global Resource Alliance (GRA), a non-profit organization in Ojai, California, USA.

Data was collected by Christopher Gamba, a social worker at Foundation HELP in Musoma, Tanzania.

We thank Didi Ananda Ruchira, Director of Abha Light Foundation in Nairobi, Kenya for her contributions to the body text and for her generous help and advice involving the study medication.

We thank Mr. Anselm Magoma, public health officer for the Mara region of Tanzania, for reviewing the article and for providing the necessary national epidemiological statistics.

We thank Mrs. Melanie Poulin-Costello, Statistician at Bayer Corp. in Toronto, Canada for her advice in the statistical section.

We thank Dr. Makuke for his cooperation and research into the use of neem tincture for the treatment and prevention of malaria.

Contacts:

www.globalresourcealliance.org
www.foundationhelp.org
www.abhalight.org

A Voluntary worker for GRA (Global Resource Alliance), Musoma, Tanzania
B Social worker in employment of Foundation HELP, Musoma, Tanzania
C Director of Global Resource Alliance (GRA) in Ojai, California, USA.

References

1. List of WHO Member States by Region and Mortality, World Health Report 2004
2. Tanzania National Malaria Medium Term Strategic Plan 2002-2007- March 2003
3. Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic - Sub-Saharan Africa. E. L. Korenromp et al. Medscape eJournal. Sep 2005.
4. Malaria: Still a Global Health Problem. K.C. Diggins. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal; 2002
5. Towards a Blood-Stage Vaccine for Malaria: are we following all the leads? Good MF. Nature Rev Immunol. 2001;1:117-125
6. Conference report Highlights of the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. K. C. Kain. Medscape, Jan 2006
7. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. WHO Jan 19, 2006
8. Neem:The Ultimate Herb. J. Conrick. Lotus Press, 1st edition, 2001
9. "The Village Pharmacy", G. Stix. Scientific American, p. 132, May '92. A review of the National Research Council report entitled, "Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems "

"In Homoeopathy, we have more than 20 medicines which can be taken based on different symptoms of fever in different stages.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4). Infection with one serotype of DENV provides immunity to that serotype for life, but provides no long-term immunity to other serotypes. Thus, a person can be infected as many as four times, once with each serotype.

Dengue viruses are transmitted from person to person by Aedes mosquitoes (most often Aedes aegypti) in the domestic environment.

Classic dengue fever, or "break bone fever," is characterized by acute onset of high fever 3–14 days after the bite of an infected mosquito.

Symptoms include

frontal headache,
retro-orbital pain,
myalgias,
arthralgias,
hemorrhagic manifestations,
rash, and
low white blood cell count

The patient also may complain of anorexia and nausea.

Acute symptoms, when present, usually last about 1 week, but weakness, malaise, and anorexia may persist for several weeks.

Some patients with dengue fever go on to develop dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe and sometimes fatal form of the disease.

The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically. The classic picture is high fever with no localising source of infection, a petechial rash with thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia – low platelet and white blood cell count.

One can get DENGUE FEVER ANTIBODY, IgM & IgG. This is a costly test. From Dr Lal Path Lab, it is costing nearly Rs. 1200.

• Drink plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest.
• Antipyretics to control temperature. Children with dengue are at risk for febrile seizures during the febrile phase of illness.
• Avoid aspirin and other nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory medications because they increase the risk of hemorrhage. People generally take Brufen or Combiflam tablets in such fever conditions, these are to be avoided.
• Get platelet counts.

There is no tested and approved vaccine for the dengue. Primary prevention of dengue is mosquito control.

"In Homoeopathy, we have more than 20 medicines which can be taken based on different symptoms of fever in different stages. I would suggest you to please consult your homeopathic physician or homeopathic consultant for appropriate selection of the homeopathic medicines for dengue fever" said by Dr. Anil Singhal, MD(Homeo), Visiting Faculty, Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, New Delhi, Dr. B. R. Sur Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, New Delhi, Bakson Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Greater Noida.

States-pre-cancerous: homeopathy is the treatment of choice.

By Dr Guillermo Zamora

In U.S.A. more than a million people find each year that have some form of Cancer. According to estimates by the American Cancer Society, in 1998 there were for this causes some 564 000 deaths, equivalent to about 23% of total mortality.

Definition: Neoplasia literally means "new growth" and the new growth is the tumor. The term was first applied to tumor= swelling due to inflammation. Neoplasias can also result in swelling and due to lack of use, the meaning non-neoplastic of tumor expired long ago, so this term is now equivalent to neoplasia. Oncology is a word derived from Greek, oncos = Tumor. Cancer is the common designation of all malignancies. Although the ancient origins of the term are not known with certainty, probably derives from the Latin word for cangrejo (crab), cancer, because the tumor is "anything that adheres to grips with the same stubbornness that a crab.

In turn, neoplasias are divided into benign or malignant and are classified by histological or excised by the name of its discoverer.

From the viewpoint of homeopathy, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann classified cancer as a disease arising from the Psora. In paragraph 80 of the Organon is a special reference. Kindly, let me quote the entire paragraph

§ 80
Incalculably greater and more important than the two chronic miasms just named, however, is the chronic miasm of psora, which, while those two reveal their specific internal dyscrasia, the one by the venereal chancre, the other by the cauliflower-like growths, does also, after the completion of the internal infection of the whole organism, announce by a peculiar cutaneous eruption, sometimes consisting only of a few vesicles accompanied by intolerable voluptuous tickling itching (and a peculiar odor), the monstrous internal chronic miasm - the psora, the only real fundamental cause and producer of all the other numerous, I may say innumerable, forms of disease1, which, under the names of nervous debility, hysteria, hypochondriasis, mania, melancholia, imbecility, madness, epilepsy and convulsions of all sorts, softening of the bones (rachitis), scoliosis and cyphosis, caries, cancer, fungus nematodes, neoplasms, gout, haemorrhoids, jaundice, cyanosis, dropsy, amenorrhoea, haemorrhage from the stomach, nose, lungs, bladder and womb, of asthma and ulceration of the lungs, of impotence and barrenness, of megrim, deafness, cataract, amaurosis, urinary calculus, paralysis, defects of the senses and pains of thousands of kinds, etc., figure in systematic works on pathology as peculiar, independent diseases.


Thus, we can also see in Hahnemann´s book "Chronic Diseases” in the charpter of Latent Psora, the author includes cancer again within the internal Psora that is emerging from its latency state ... Please read carefully the footnote:


“These are some of the leading symptoms observed by me, which, if they are often repeated, or become constant, show that the internal Psora is coining forth from its latent state. They are at the same time the elements, from which (under unfavorable external conditions) the itch-malady, as it manifests itself, composes the illimitable number of chronic diseases, and with one man assumes the one form, with another another, according to the bodily constitution, defects in the education, habits, employment and external circumstances, as also modified by the various psychical and physical impressions. It thus unfolds into manifold forms of disease, with so many varieties, that they are by no means exhausted by the disease-symptoms enumerated in the pathology of the old school, and erroneously designated there as well-defined, constant and peculiar diseases. [*]”

“[*] They bear the following names: Scrofula, rickets, spina ventosa, atrophy, marasmus, consumption, pulmonary consumption, asthma, tabes mucosa, laryngeal phthisis, chronic catarrh, constant coryza, difficult dentition, worms and consequent diseases, dyspepsia, abdominal cramps, hypochondria, hysteria, dropsy, dropsy of the abdomen, dropsy of the ovaries, of the uterus, hydrocele, hydrocephalus, amenorrhœa, dysmenorrhœa, uterine hæmorrhages, hematemesis, hæmoptysis and hæmorrhages, vaginal hæmorrhages, dysuria, ischuria, enuresis, diabetes, catarrh of the bladder, hematuria, nephralgia, gravel of the kidneys, stricture of the urethra, stricture of the intestines, blind and running piles, fistula of the rectum, difficult stools, constipation, chronic diarrhœa, induration of the liver, jaundice, cyanosis, heart diseases, palpitation, spasms of the chest, dropsy of the chest, abortion, sterility, metromania, impotence, induration of the testicles, dwindling of the testicles, prolapsus uteri, inversion of the womb, inguinal, femoral and umbilical hernias, dislocations of the joints from an internal cause, curvature of the spine, chronic inflammations of the eyes, fistula lachrymalis, short-sightedness and long-sightedness, day blindness and night blindness, obscuration of the cornea, cataracts, glaucoma, amaurosis, deafness, deficient smell or taste, chronic one-sided headache, megrim, tic douloureux, tinea capitis, scab, crusta lactea, tetters (herpes), pimples, nettle-rash, encysted tumors, goitre, varices, aneurism, erysipelas, sarcomas, osteosarcoma, scirrhus, cancer of the lips, cheeks, breast, uterus, fungus nematodes, rheumatism, gout in the hips, knotty gout, podagra, apoplectic fits, swoons, vertigo, paralysis, contractions, tetanus, convulsions, epilepsy, St. Vitus' dance, melancholy, insanity, imbecility, nervous debility, etc.”



Although not directly to the cancer, but referring to the Psora, Hahnemann says some factors that are contributing to its awakening (Psora), as the physical constitution of the patient, hereditary disposition, the number of errors in his/her education and habits, his/her lifestyle and diet, occupations, mental changes, his/her morality, etc. (see Paragraph 95, Latent Psora Charpter, "Chronic diseases")


In our times, to the growing number of allopathic drugs also would have to be considered as factors in the oncogenesis of certain tumors, such as certain antibiotics, steroids, immune suppressants, vaccines, to produce immunosuppression leaving the body at the mercy of certain tumors by example, Kaposi's sarcoma (associated with herpes zoster virus subtype 8), Cancer Uterine-Cervix (related with HPV) and that makes me to recall what James Tyler Kent said about it: -"Most doctors are going crazy about the bug and have been made a vice to say that this is the cause of the disease and think that these" young friends "are extremely dangerous." Also said:-"The bacteria are innocents colleagues and if carry diseases they carry the simple substance that causes the disease like an elephant would do it”. Any way, or medicines that have direct oncogenic effects to embryos or fetuses, and to patients. The truth is that Hahnemann also considered, the iatrogenic as generators of disease but not classifiable as miasmas.


Please see organon, Paragraph 74, last part:

74..."or even total destruction of certain parts, and develop faulty organic alterations here and there in the interior or the exterior (cripple the body internally or externally), in order to preserve the organism from complete destruction of the life by the ever-renewed, hostile assaults of such destructive forces."


Following, we will see, what is the homeopathic approach that could be applied to our patients with cancer. Applying these criteria, I have found that there is an equilibrium point to bring our patients through the safest road.


Personally I have adjusted, overall, to the Cancer management protocol established by the famous homeopath Dr. AU Ramakrishnan, as following, please read:

A. States-pre-cancerous: homeopathy is the treatment of choice. (Conventional medicine has little or nothing to offer)

B. "Cancer in very early stage: Only homeopathy.

C.-Bump small, operable, no glands, does not extend: Surgery followed by homeopathy.

D.- Bump-operable with lymph nodes that are also operable.

E- Operable primary lesion. The secondary in the glands and organs: Try homeopathy 3-4 weeks. If no success, radiotherapy followed by homeopathy.

F.-Stage 4: primary fixation with pressure effects on surrounding areas and secondary spread in the body: Homeopathy for palliation.


In the other hand, if i may, in the case of cancer, homeopaths should be cautious and be aware of the results that have been taken with allopathic medicines, for example: In the case of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in children, chemotherapy is 95% of success (complete “cure” or suppression) and it would be a great omission not to give this great opportunity to a child with this disease.


As for the technique to prescribe remedies I also agree with Dr. Rama regarding to alternate the remedy that has higher affinity for the organ affected with the background (or Deep) remedy. I've done, alternating weekly, and using the plus system (with potence 30 and 200 CH) of Dr. Rama, with great effectiveness to cure (if curable) and for terminal cancer pain palliation.

The following are the remedies that I have personally used in Cancer:

** Mammary gland (cancer, fribroadenomas, fibrocystic breast condition):

-Conium maculatum: In the nodular formations and indurations of glands, with stitches and smarting after contusions or bruises. The tumors are hard as stone and heavy to the touch.

-Silicea Terra: In infected tumors, which ooze toward the nipple in the left side.

-Scirrhinum (nosode): The patient of this remedy is chilly, have a strong desire for cold drinks, many fears and have the sinking feeling at the navel. Useful in glands and bumps that are hard as stone. (conium)

-Phytolacca Decandra: This remedy, the breasts are very hard, very swollen and painful. The pain may spread throughout the body.


** Astrocytoma Brain

-Plumbum metallicum and Iodatum, if the tumor is infected. The oidatums are excellent antiseptic and can be used for any infected tumor.



** Lung Cancer: (Terminal)

-Conium, Schirrinum


** Cancer of Larynx

-Arsenicum album: Used when the patient has high anxiety, anguish, agitation and prostration. In a hoarse voice, burning pain when speaking that improves with hot drinks.

-Causticum: Useful in patients with rawness (sore) and tingling in the throat. Loss of voice. Nodules on vocal cords.


** Hodgkin's lymphoma (Terminal)

-Arsenic Bromatum: The Bromides and halogens have been found useful in glands, mamma infections and other tissues such as lymph.

-Carbo-Animalis: Great remedy of tumors following a malignant progression. Cancer affects lymph and glands. Tumors as well as stone harden. The skin becomes ulcerated.

-Condurango: Cancer that invades the nose, lips or tongue. Neoplastic infiltration invading the gastrointestinal mucosa.


** Leukemia: (Terminal)

-Phosphorus: In patients with great fear, blood, with readiness for weight loss and anemia.

-China-Ferrum phosphorica and Arsenic: Assist in the fever and musculoskeletal pain.

-Crotalus Horridus: Patient with jaundice, ecchymotic areas on the skin, bleeding from all orifices


** Osteosarcomna:

-Hekla Lava: Great affinity for bone, bone prominences, acts with effectiveness.



** Liver Cancer (Terminal)

-Conium.

-Hydrastis Canadensis: The symptom is subjective, is the "sinking feeling, weakness and languor of the stomach”, even not directly to the liver, but significantly improved constipation caused by metastases.


** Prostate:

-Thuja Occ: Particularly useful in cases of benign hypertrophy, includes symptoms such as: Bifurcation in the urine stream, pressing and tenesmus during urination, thin urine stream.

Conium: I found this very effective drug when PSA levels are high.


**Uterine myoma:

Calcarea Fluorica and Aurum. Mur. Nat. Although often through repertorization I have found marking to Silicea Terra.



** Medicines for pain palliation:

Arsenicum Bromatum, Radium Bromatum, Magnesia phosphórica, Plumbum Iodatum, Opium, Aconitum.


** Radio and Chemo Therapy:

Radium Bromatum: To all my patients receiving radiotherapy, I have given a few doses of this medicine for dryness, burning and itching.

It is very important to remember that our work is not only healing but also prevent, and of course, improve the quality of life of our terminally ill patients. It is very famous the great ability of homeopathy to alleviate cancer pain.



Bibliography:

1.“Leaders in Homeopathic Therapeutics”, Dr. E.B. Nash; 4th edition, 1913, Editorial “El Ateneo”
2. EIZAYAGA, Francisco Xavier. - El moderno repertorio de Kent. Buenos Aires: Marecel, 1979/91.885p
3. VIJNOVSKI, Bernardo. Tratado de materia médica homeopática. Buenos Aires , 1978/92. 3v.
4. Organon de la Medicina, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, tercera edición, Editorial Porrua.
5. Las Enfermedades Crónicas y Su Peculiar Naturaleza y su Curación Homeopática, Del Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, Traducido por el Dr. José Antonio Ugartechea G.
6. Filosofía de la homeopatía, James Tyler Kent.
7.-Conferencias Magistrales Presentadas Por Los Laboratorios Homeopáticos “Hasler”
8.-Patología Estructural y Funcional, de Robbins, Sexta edición, Editorial Mc Graw Hill.

National Center of Homeopathy:

Historical data on Homeopathic treatment on flu epidemics: Taken from National Center of Homeopathy:

Perhaps the most recent use of homeopathy in a major epidemic was during the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. The Journal of the American Institute for Homeopathy, May, 1921, had a long article about the use of homeopathy in the flu epidemic. Dr. T A McCann, from Dayton, Ohio reported that 24,000 cases of flu treated allopathically had a mortality rate of 28.2% while 26,000 cases of flu treated homeopathically had a mortality rate of 1.05%. This last figure was supported by Dean W.A. Pearson of Philadelphia (Hahnemann College) who collected 26,795 cases of flu treated with homeopathy with the above result.

The most common remedy used was Gelsemium, with occasional cases needing Bryonia and Eupatorium reported. Dr. Herbert A. Roberts from Derby, CT, said that 30 physicians in Connecticut responded to his request for data. They reported 6,602 cases with 55 deaths, which is less than 1%. Dr. Roberts was working as a physician on a troop ship during WWI. He had 81 cases of flu on the way over to Europe. He reported, “All recovered and were landed. Every man received homeopathic treatment. One ship lost 31 on the way.”

Please be aware that a natural approach exists to flu prevention and treatment. Here are some ideas for boosting your immune system and avoiding some common problems associated with fall/winter illness:

DIET:
Avoid mucous producing foods (sinusitis, asthma, flu, bronchitis, ear infections, etc.), such as milk and cheese, beef and pork, wheat, bananas, refined sugar and corn oil. Use more of beans, peas, chicken(dark part), rye, spelt, buckwheat millet, apples, pears, molasses, olive oil, sesame oil, and spices (turmeric, cumin and garlic). Apples, pears and raw vegetables actually help to reduce mucus.



VITAMINS:
Vitamin C helps stimulate your natural killer cells that mop us viruses. Vitamin A also has “anti-viral” activity and Zinc has a reputation for healing “colds”. Making and drinking a pitcher of freshly juiced vegetable and/or fruit juice every day gives you the antioxidants you need to help boost your immune system. Taking large doses of Vitamin C (up to 10,000mg daily, as your body tolerates) can boost the immune system.

SUPPLEMENTS:
Echinacea - take a dose or two when you feel that cold or flu just coming on. Add Goldenseal to it if the mucous turns from clear to yellow. Rosemarin supplements, Echinacea angustifolia tincture (5 drops in water, 3 times daily during infection, or 1 time daily for up to 2 weeks to help boost immune system then take 1-2 week break), Astragalus and certain other medicinal herbs, and Oscillococcinum (standard protocol for administration is 3 doses daily for three days) are likely to confer some protection as well. Ginger, taken as a tea, will warm up your innards. Garlic has anti-bacterial properties-add it to your food.

CBC News - British Columbia - Some seek alternative swine flu therapies

Access Natural Healing's Homeoprophylaxis Protocol is on CBC News. Oct. 30th, 2009. Homeopathic Alternatives to Vaccines.

How to provide Immunity to this season's Flu, Naturally:

CBC News - British Columbia - Some seek alternative swine flu therapies

Please add your comments on CBC News page.
Thank you.
From, Your Wellness Team
at Access Natural Healing
Where Homeopathy Heals, Naturally
With Vancouver's Five Best Homeopaths

People say vaccines "cured" polio. How do you respond to this?

People say vaccines "cured" polio. How do you respond to this?

the dramatic decrease in polio infection statistics after the introduction of the vaccine has a lot to do with the change in the criteria for diagnosing polio.
Prior to 1954, a physician's diagnosis of paralytic polio was confirmed if paralysis was found in 2 examinations done at least 24 hours apart.
In 1955, the criteria was changed so that there had to be paralysis found 10 to 20 days after onset of illness and again 50 to 70 days after onset for there to be a diagnosis of paralytic polio. So what happened to the paralytic diseases that did not last that long? Two new disease diagnoses now exist to distinguish them from paralytic polio: Coxsackie virus infections and aseptic meningitis, which were likely lumped in with it before.

One can see from this that there would have been a sharp decrease in polio cases even without the introduction of a vaccine.

Ming Dinh BScOT, DCH
Homeopath

I recently found evidence that peanut allergies may be due to substances such as peanut oil added as adjuvants to vaccines. Could you comment on this

Questions from Access Natural Healing's "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation:

I recently found evidence that peanut allergies may be due to substances such as peanut oil added as adjuvants to vaccines. Could you comment on this?

Vaccine manufacturers have many ingredients that they do not list on the package, because they are considered a proprietary trade secret. These ingredients may include peanut oil, sesame oil, and other food oils. The refining of these oils can leave trace amounts of proteins in them which would be injected into the bloodstream. The same goes for the medium in which the viruses that are injected are grown (eggs, in the case of the H1N1 flu vaccine) - the risk is of introducing, via injection, animal or plant proteins into the bloodstream.

Normally, exposure to these proteins happens in the digestive system. The body is programmed for this and the proteins are digested. These proteins never make it to the bloodstream in their undigested form. When they are injected as a vaccine ingredient however, trouble can happen.

What happens next, is that the immune system can recognize and label these proteins as "foreign" and develop antibodies to them (remember that the adjuvants in the vaccine are there to trigger as big and as prolonged an immune response as possible, in an attempt to manufacture antibodies to the virus particles being injected). Once you have antibodies to a food protein, like peanut protein for instance, every new exposure to the protein - like when eating peanuts - can trigger an immune response, which would be labeled an allergic response. These allergic responses can range from mild to severe, with tragic consequences.

Ming Dinh BScOT, DCH
Homeopath

Questions from our "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation hosted by the Health Action Network Society:

Does Access Natural Healing offer homeopathic immunization protocols for adults?

Yes. Adults that are looking for a homeopathic immunization alternative to vaccination for something like Hepatitis can consider the homeopathic option. We also offer homeopathic immunization protocols for travelers.

Questions from our "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation hosted by the Health Action Network Society:

How is “The Law of Similars” or “Like Cures Like” evident in a child not suffering the disease?

The homeopathic immunization seems to imprint a message on the immune system that reduces or removes any susceptibility to the targeted disease.

Questions from our "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation hosted by the Health Action Network Society:


Does the homeopathic immunization protocol utilize live viruses and can this protocol make the recipient ill?


Homeopathy is based on The Law of Similars, which holds that a substance that causes a healthy person to get a certain set of symptoms may treat an ailment that matches that symptom picture.
The homeopathic substances used in the homeopathic immunization protocols are chosen to match the symptoms of the disease being targeted. As these substances are prepared homeopathically, that is they are serially diluted then succussed, there is no necessity to be working with live viruses of any sort.
It is possible for someone undergoing homeopathic immunization protocols to experience a mild reaction to one of the remedies administered but this is not undesirable and is in no way an instance of “becoming ill”.

Questions from our "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation hosted by the Health Action Network Society:

Can homeopathy reverse negative side effects or hidden problems from vaccines or offer a “detox” to immunization shots?

Many side effects can be ameliorated through an individualized homeopathic prescription based on the examination of the sufferer’s unique symptoms. Detoxification can also be achieved gently and thoroughly through a well-chosen homeopathic remedy.

Questions from our "Addressing the Vaccine Dilemma" presentation hosted by the Health Action Network Society:

What factors have caused the dramatic and sustained drop in mortality of previously common infectious diseases?

Many factors are involved. One is co-evolution. As humans we do adapt to pathogens in our environments and we get less ill from them. Another factor is modern improvements in sanitation. Improvements in nutrition have also had a profound effect on supporting the immune system.